25 July, 2024

Designing a Scalable Distributed Cache System for 1 Billion Queries Per Minute

 

Designing a distributed cache system to handle 1 billion queries per minute for both read and write operations is a complex task. Here’s a high-level overview of how you might approach this:

1. Requirements Gathering

  • Functional Requirements:
    • Read Data: Quickly retrieve data from the cache.
    • Write Data: Store data in the cache.
    • Eviction Policy: Automatically evict least recently/frequently used items.
    • Replication: Replicate data across multiple nodes for fault tolerance.
    • Consistency: Ensure data consistency across nodes.
    • Node Management: Add and remove cache nodes dynamically.
  • Non-Functional Requirements:
    • Performance: Low latency for read and write operations.
    • Scalability: System should scale horizontally by adding more nodes.
    • Reliability: Ensure high availability and fault tolerance.
    • Durability: Persist data if required.
    • Security: Secure access to the cache system.

2. Capacity Estimation

  • Traffic Estimate:
    • Read Traffic: Estimate the number of read requests per second.
    • Write Traffic: Estimate the number of write requests per second.
  • Storage Estimate:
    • Data Size: Estimate the average size of each cache entry.
    • Total Data: Calculate the total amount of data to be stored in the cache.

3. High-Level Design

  • Architecture:
    • Client Layer: Handles requests from users.
    • Load Balancer: Distributes incoming requests across cache nodes.
    • Cache Nodes: Multiple servers storing cached data.
    • Database: Persistent storage for data.
  • Data Partitioning:
    • Use consistent hashing to distribute data across cache nodes.
  • Replication:
    • Replicate data across multiple nodes to ensure fault tolerance.
  • Eviction Policy:
    • Implement LRU (Least Recently Used) or LFU (Least Frequently Used) eviction policies.

4. Detailed Design

  • Cache Write Strategy:
    • Write-Through: Data is written to the cache and the database simultaneously.
    • Write-Back: Data is written to the cache first and then to the database asynchronously.
  • Cache Read Strategy:
    • Read-Through: Data is read from the cache, and if not found, it is fetched from the database and then cached.
  • Consistency Models:
    • Strong Consistency: Ensures that all nodes have the same data at any given time.
    • Eventual Consistency: Ensures that all nodes will eventually have the same data, but not necessarily immediately.

5. Scalability and Fault Tolerance

  • Horizontal Scaling: Add more cache nodes to handle increased load.
  • Auto-Scaling: Automatically add or remove nodes based on traffic.
  • Fault Tolerance: Use replication and data sharding to ensure data availability even if some nodes fail.

6. Monitoring and Maintenance

  • Monitoring: Use tools to monitor cache performance, hit/miss ratios, and node health.
  • Maintenance: Regularly update and maintain the cache system to ensure optimal performance.

Example Technologies

  • Cache Solutions: Redis, Memcached.
  • Load Balancers: NGINX, HAProxy.
  • Monitoring Tools: Prometheus, Grafana.

This is a high-level overview, and each component can be further detailed based on specific requirements and constraints123


Back of Envelops Calculations:

1. Traffic Estimate

  • Total Queries: 1 billion queries per minute.
  • Queries per Second (QPS):

  • Read/Write Ratio: Assume 80% reads and 20% writes.
    • Read QPS:

    • Write QPS:

2. Storage Estimate

  • Average Size of Each Cache Entry: Assume each entry is 1 KB.
  • Total Data Stored: Assume the cache should store data for 1 hour.
    • Total Entries per Hour:

    • Total Data Size:

3. Node Estimation

  • Cache Node Capacity: Assume each cache node can handle 100,000 QPS and store 1 TB of data.
  • Number of Nodes for QPS:

    100,000 QPS/node 167 nodes

  • Number of Nodes for Storage:

    1 TB/node 60 nodes

  • Total Number of Nodes:

4. Replication Factor

  • Replication Factor: Assume a replication factor of 3 for fault tolerance.
  • Total Nodes with Replication:

Summary

  • Total Queries per Second: 16,666,667 QPS.
  • Read QPS: 13,333,334 reads per second.
  • Write QPS: 3,333,333 writes per second.
  • Total Data Stored: 60 TB.
  • Total Cache Nodes Required: 501 nodes (with replication).


To estimate the RAM required for the distributed cache system, we need to consider the following factors:

  1. Data Storage: The amount of data stored in the cache.
  2. Overhead: Additional memory required for metadata, indexing, and other overheads.

Data Storage

From our previous calculation:

  • Total Data Stored: 60 TB (60,000,000,000 KB).

Overhead

Assume an overhead of 10% for metadata and indexing.

Total Memory Requirement

  • Total Memory for Data: 60 TB.
  • Total Overhead:

  • Total RAM Required:

Per Node Memory Requirement

Assuming we have 501 nodes (with replication):

  • RAM per Node:

    501 nodes ≈ 132 GB/node

Summary

  • Total RAM Required: 66 TB.
  • RAM per Node: Approximately 132 GB.

This is a simplified example, and actual capacity planning would need to consider additional factors like network latency, data consistency, and failover strategies. 

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